MINERALOGY AND ROCK CONSTITUENTS WITH LABORATORY
Module MINERALOGY AND ROCK CONSTITUENTS

Academic Year 2025/2026 - Teacher: ROSALDA PUNTURO

Expected Learning Outcomes

The course aims to provide a basic understanding of the minerals that make up rocks and the factors that influence their formation and stability, a preliminary understanding of mineralogical data and specific terminology, and the skills to apply this knowledge to the recognition, analysis, and description of minerals of greatest geological and environmental interest, with a note on their economic importance.

Furthermore, with reference to the Dublin Descriptors, this course contributes to the acquisition of the following transversal skills:

Knowledge and understanding:

-    inductive and deductive reasoning skills

-    ability to schematize a natural phenomenon in terms of scalar and vector physical quantities

-    ability to set up and solve a problem using appropriate spatial relationships between recognizable geometric elements in a three-dimensional model representing an ideal mineral, using graphical, analytical or numerical methods

-    ability to recognize simple geometric elements in natural mineral samples and/or three-dimensional models, and use scientific instruments to carry out simple experimental tests

-    ability to understand the physical characteristics of rock forming minerals.

Ability to apply knowledge:

-    ability to apply acquired knowledge to the description of minerals at mesoscopic and microscopic scales with the aid of a polarizing microscope, using the scientific method rigorously

-    ability to identify elements of symmetry in three-dimensional models;

-    ability to represent mineral compositions on binary and ternary diagrams.

Independent judgement:

- Critical thinking skills

-    ability to identify the most appropriate methods for critically analyzing, interpreting and processing experimental data

-    ability to assess the accuracy of measurements and the sensitivity and selectivity of the techniques used

Communication skills:

-    ability to present scientific topics orally and/or in writing with appropriate linguistic precision and to illustrate their rationale and results.

Learning skills:

-    ability to read, understand and critically analyze scientific texts and topics with a particular focus on mineralogy

-    ability to independently learn new scientific topics in the field of Mineralogy that are necessary for further studies.

 

Information for students with disabilities and/or Specific Learning Difficulties (SLDs):

In order to ensure equal opportunities and comply with current legislation, interested students may request a personal interview to plan any compensatory and/or dispensatory measures based on educational objectives and specific needs. You can also contact Prof. Giorgio De Guidi, the CInAP (Centre for Active and Participatory Integration – Services for Disabilities and/or Specific Learning Difficulties) reference teacher in our department.

Course Structure

Attendance at lectures and laboratory sessions will allow students to follow a consistent and informed path in the study of Mineralogy. Attendance is mandatory and is considered completed if the student has attended at least 50% of the required curricular hours.

If the course is taught in a blended or distance learning format, any necessary changes to the previously stated curriculum may be made in order to comply with the established program outlined in the syllabus.

Required Prerequisites

Basic knowledge of mathematics, chemistry and physics.

Attendance of Lessons

Attendance is mandatory and is considered completed if the student has attended at least 50% of the required curricular hours.

Detailed Course Content

INTRODUCTION: The role of mineralogy in Earth Sciences. Definition of mineral. Crystalline and amorphous states. Concepts of isotropy and anisotropy. Melting and solidification of crystalline and amorphous solids. DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY: Main scalar and vector physical properties. State of aggregation: aggregates, associations, twins. Crystal habit. MORPHOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY: Crystal morphology and symmetry. Fundamental laws of morphological crystallography. Miller indices. Simple and compound forms. Point groups. Crystal groups and systems. Principles of structural crystallography: rows, lattice planes, and lattices. The 14 Bravais lattices. Notes on space groups. CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY: Chemical bonds in crystal structures. Atomic radius and ionic radius. Coordination of ions. Polyhedra and coordination numbers. Linus Pauling's rules. Crystal structure. Isomorphism and solid solutions. Crystal-chemical formulas. Crystallization of isomorphic mixtures: binary systems with partial and complete solid-state miscibility. MINEROGENES: Nucleation and growth. Magmatic, metamorphic, and sedimentary genesis. Mineral stability. Polymorphism. Types of polymorphism. The main polymorphic systems. SYSTEMATIC MINERALOGY: Classification of minerals. Silicates: classification and structural and compositional characteristics of the main families and species. General characteristics and main species of the following classes: carbonates, oxides, hydroxides, halides, sulfates, sulfides, native elements. Genesis, stability, and geological distribution of the main minerals of petrographic-petrological interest. Notes on minerals of environmental and industrial interest.

Textbook Information

1. Mineralogia - Klein C. - Zanichelli Editore, 2004.


2. Introduzione ai minerali che costituiscono le rocce - William A. DeerRobert A. HowieJack ZussmanG. Della VenturaE. Paris – Zanichelli ed. 1994

Learning Assessment

Learning Assessment Procedures

Final oral exam on the topics covered during the lectures. Presentation and discussion of a thesis on a mineral. Recognition of minerals and models of crystalline structures at the mesoscopic scale. Assessment may also be conducted online, if conditions require.

TO ENSURE EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES AND IN COMPLIANCE WITH APPLICABLE LAWS,

INTERED STUDENTS MAY REQUEST A PERSONAL INTERVIEW

TO PLAN ANY COMPENSATORY AND/OR EXEMPLARY MEASURES,

BASED ON THEIR EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND SPECIFIC NEEDS.

IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO CONTACT THE DIRECTOR OF CINAP (CENTER FOR ACTIVE AND PARTICIPATORY INTEGRATION - SERVICES FOR DISABILITIES

AND/OR DSA) IN OUR DEPARTMENT, PROFESSOR G. De Guidi.

Examples of frequently asked questions and / or exercises

Physical properties of minerals.

Properties of crystalline solids and amorphous solids.

Identify the crystalline structure represented in a mesoscopic model.

Chemical elements constituting minerals.

Crystal symmetries. Laws of coexistence of symmetry elements.

Structure and composition of pyroxenes.

Isomorphic mixtures: the example of olivines.

Polymorphism. Examples.

Phase diagrams: what are they for?

VERSIONE IN ITALIANO