BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF HUMAN PATHOLOGY

-To Describe the structural principles of proteins and the molecular mechanisms underlying protein folding, and explainthe biological and pathological consequences of protein misfolding.

·  To Analyze the biochemical and metabolic features of the tumor microenvironment (TME), with particular emphasis on metabolic adaptation to hypoxia, metabolic competition, and mechanisms of immune suppression.

·  To Interpret the metabolic reprogramming processes occurring in cancer cells, including the Warburg effect and the reverse Warburg effect, and discuss the role of lactate in metabolic communication between cancer cells and cells within the tumor microenvironmen

• Protein structure and principles of protein folding. Proteopathies (folding disorders): examples of hereditary and non-hereditary diseases caused by protein misfolding.
• Structural and biochemical features of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Metabolic adaptation to hypoxia; metabolic competition and mechanisms of immune suppression.
• Metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells: the Warburg effect and the reverse Warburg effect. Production and role of lactate in the tumor microenvironment and metabolic communication between cancer cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment.
• Critical discussion of scientific articles, with examples of theoretical and practical applications using experimental models and case studies related to the topics covered above.