INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

Academic Year 2026/2027 - Teacher: STEFANIA STELLA

Expected Learning Outcomes

The course develops skills in the Clinical Pathology aiming to teach the student to apply, evaluate and interpret the laboratory tests used to study of the main diseases of the blood, alterations of the coagulative-fibrinolytic system, changes in liver and kidney function, some endocrinopathies, oncological and cardiovascular diseases. The student will be able to learn the biomarkers used in clinical pathology.

1. Knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course, students will acquire the knowledge of the main laboratory tests to the study the blood diseases, the coagulative-fibrinolytic system and liver and kidney function alterations.

2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: once the knowledge of the main laboratory tests has been acquired, the students will be able to evaluate and interpret the aforementioned tests.

3. Making judgments: through the executions, the students will be able, independently, to apply, evaluate, and interpret different laboratory tests.

4. Communication skills: the student will acquire the necessary communication skills within the main laboratory tests.

5. Learning skills: the course aims to provide the student with the basic knowledge to autonomously interpret the main laboratory tests.

Course Structure

The lessons are held in the classroom with the help of PDF presentations made available to students. The presentations do not replace the reference texts, but serve as educational support for the program carried out. Should teaching be carried out in mixed mode or remotely, it may be necessary to introduce changes with respect to previous statements, in line with the program planned and outlined in the syllabus.

Required Prerequisites

Knowledge of biochemistry, cell biology, anatomy and physiology.

Attendance of Lessons

Attendance of lessons is mandatory. 

Detailed Course Content

The course is organized into theoretical lessons combined with exercises aimed to interpreter the results of different types of laboratory and molecular test.

Program:

- RT - PCR

- Real Time PCR

- Digital PCR

- Liquid biopsy

- Detections of gene mutations by Sanger sequencing and NGS sequencing in the main blood diseases

- Tumoral biomarkers

- Heredofamilial syndromes and Lynch syndromes

Textbook Information

1. Federici G. Medicina di Laboratorio. Mc Graw-Hill Companies

2.Ciaccio M., Lippi G Biochimica Clinica e Medicina di Laboratorio, EdiSES

3. Flyers in PDF

Course Planning

 SubjectsText References
1RT - PCR
2Real Time PCR
3Digital PCR
4Liquid Biopsy
5Detections of gene mutations by Sanger sequencing and NGS sequencing in the main blood diseases
6Tumoral BiomarkersTesto 1: capitolo 15; Testo 2: capitolo 28, 29
7Heredofamilial syndromes and Lynch syndromes

Learning Assessment

Learning Assessment Procedures

The test consists of an interview in which 2-3 questions will be asked that deal with at least 2-3 different topics of the program. The test allows to verify: i) the level of knowledge of the program topics; ii) the ability to apply this knowledge in dealing with specific clinical situations; iii) clarity of presentation; iv) the property of medical-scientific language.

For the attribution of the final grade, the following parameters will be taken into account:

 Grade 29-30 with honors: the student has a thorough knowledge of the required topics, is able to promptly and correctly integrate and critically analyze the situations presented, autonomously solving even highly complex problems; has excellent communication skills and masters medical-scientific language.

Grade 26-28: the student has a good knowledge of the required topics, is able to integrate and analyze the situations presented in a critical and linear way, is able to solve complex problems independently and presents the arguments clearly using medical language. appropriate scientific;

Grade 22-25: the student has a fair knowledge of the required topics, even if limited to the main topics; she succeeds in integrating and analyzing in a critical but not always linear way the situations presented and she exposes the arguments quite clearly with a discrete property of language;

Grade 18-21: the student has the minimum knowledge of the required topics, has a modest ability to integrate and critically analyze the situations presented and presents the topics in a sufficiently clear way although the language properties are not very developed;

Failed exam: the student does not have the minimum required knowledge of the main teaching contents. The ability to use language specific is very little or zero and is unable to independently apply the knowledge acquired.

The final grade is given by the weighted average of the marks obtained in the 3 modules.

Examples of frequently asked questions and / or exercises

Nucleic acid extraction methods
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